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mfc tag  (BPS Bioscience)


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    BPS Bioscience mfc tag
    Mfc Tag, supplied by BPS Bioscience, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/spike+s1+rbd/Spike+S1+RBD%2C+Mouse+Fc-fusion+(SARS-CoV-2)+Recombinant/pmc12859244-18-4-7
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    mfc tag - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    94/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Flow Cytometry:

    Article Title: Host-Directed Virus-Mimicking Particles Interacting with the ACE2 Receptor Competitively Block Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Entry.
    Article Snippet: .. The effect of Spike S1 RBD (Avi-His-Tag, BPS Bioscience, USA) on the cell uptake of FITC-labelled VMPs was evaluated on A549-ACE2 cells through flow cytometry analysis. .. Following additional 24 h incubation, the pseudoviral infection was measured employing One-Step luciferase assay (BPS Bioscience, USA) with POLARstar Omega microplate reader (BMG Labtech, Germany).

    other:

    Article Title: Host-Directed Virus-Mimicking Particles Interacting with the ACE2 Receptor Competitively Block Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Entry.
    Article Snippet: The absorbance spectrum (200-500 nm) for acceptor solutions, equilibrium standards, and blank controls were read through a UV-1600PC UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (VWR International Oy, Finland) in 10 nm intervals to determine the peak absorbance of test nanoparticles.

    Binding Assay:

    Article Title: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates severe acute respiratory coronavirus disease 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by blocking the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
    Article Snippet: We purchased EGCG and EC (> 95% purity) from Mitsui Norin Co. Ltd. (Shizuoka, Japan), EGC (11809), ECG (11808), genistein (10005167), and sulforaphane (10496) from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), chlorogenic acid (C9244) and resveratrol (R1776) from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA), quercetin from ChemScene (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), and curcumin from Enzo Life Science (Farmingdale, NY, USA). .. We examined the inhibitory effects of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 binding by ELISAs using the Spike S1 RBD (SARS-CoV-2): ACE2 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit (BPS Bioscience, #79931, San Diego, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions; we tested all compounds at 100 or 20 μM, and we briefly incubated SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-Fc (50 ng) overnight for 12 h into a nickel-coated 96-well plate. ..

    Screening Assay:

    Article Title: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates severe acute respiratory coronavirus disease 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by blocking the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
    Article Snippet: We purchased EGCG and EC (> 95% purity) from Mitsui Norin Co. Ltd. (Shizuoka, Japan), EGC (11809), ECG (11808), genistein (10005167), and sulforaphane (10496) from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), chlorogenic acid (C9244) and resveratrol (R1776) from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA), quercetin from ChemScene (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), and curcumin from Enzo Life Science (Farmingdale, NY, USA). .. We examined the inhibitory effects of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 binding by ELISAs using the Spike S1 RBD (SARS-CoV-2): ACE2 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit (BPS Bioscience, #79931, San Diego, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions; we tested all compounds at 100 or 20 μM, and we briefly incubated SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-Fc (50 ng) overnight for 12 h into a nickel-coated 96-well plate. ..

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) attenuates severe acute respiratory coronavirus disease 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by blocking the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
    Article Snippet: We purchased EGCG and EC (> 95% purity) from Mitsui Norin Co. Ltd. (Shizuoka, Japan), EGC (11809), ECG (11808), genistein (10005167), and sulforaphane (10496) from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), chlorogenic acid (C9244) and resveratrol (R1776) from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA), quercetin from ChemScene (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), and curcumin from Enzo Life Science (Farmingdale, NY, USA). .. We examined the inhibitory effects of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 binding by ELISAs using the Spike S1 RBD (SARS-CoV-2): ACE2 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit (BPS Bioscience, #79931, San Diego, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions; we tested all compounds at 100 or 20 μM, and we briefly incubated SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-Fc (50 ng) overnight for 12 h into a nickel-coated 96-well plate. ..



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    <t>RBD-ACE2</t> interaction <t>inhibition</t> assays. ( a ) Schematic illustration of ELISA experiment to evaluate the ability of the A13 or Nat1 to prevent the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein RBD to human receptor ACE2. First the plates were incubated with immobilized RBD. They were then inoculated with peptides prior to the addition of recombinant human receptor ACE2. ( b ) Inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding via A13 or Nat1. The level of RBD-ACE2 binding was measured by chemiluminescence. The negative control with no peptide representing RBD-ACE2 interaction was set to 1.00 (3.2 × 10 4 RLU) and other values were normalized to this number. To the same extent, at the concentration of 0.1 µg/mL, both peptides reduced ACE2 binding compared to the control. At 1.0 µg/mL, inhibition was further enhanced. The negative control peptide did not exhibit a notable inhibition. Data represent the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001).
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    Image Search Results


    ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE. ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (ZRS04, ZRS05 see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A; SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE. ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (ZRS04, ZRS05 see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A; SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay, Emulsion

    ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

    ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat) (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG=CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

    ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; MP; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat). (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG = CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; blue=vaccines formulated with alum and MPLA; MP; red=vaccines formulated with alum and CpG; ZRS03=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 3 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS2-variant [either alpha, beta or gamma] + SARS1-bat). (see ). Alum=aluminium hydroxide; CpG = CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; MPLA=Monophosphoryl-Lipid A.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Variant Assay

    ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

    a. Neutralisation of ACE2 receptor SARS-CoV2 interaction; b. SARS-CoV2 in vitro viral neutralisation. ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Neutralisation of ACE2 receptor SARS-CoV2 interaction; b. SARS-CoV2 in vitro viral neutralisation. ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: In Vitro, Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

    ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange = vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS04 = Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 4 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) (see ). SWE = Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Emulsion

    ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS05=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 5 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) and MERS (see ). ISO=isotonic formulation; Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Design and development of a SARS and MERS Combination Vaccine

    doi: 10.1101/2025.10.27.683653

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ZRS=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS; orange=vaccines formulated with SWE; ZRS05=Zoogenic Recombinant SARS version 5 containing as antigens the S1 sub-unit of (SARS2-Wuhan + SARS1-bat) and MERS (see ). ISO=isotonic formulation; Antigens tested see . SWE=Squalene-in-Water-Emulsion.

    Article Snippet: A SARS2 spike primary mouse antibody (CE5, Native Antigen Company, MAB12443) was included as a positive control, and normal mouse serum (Invitrogen, 10410) used as a negative control.

    Techniques: Recombinant, Vaccines, Formulation, Emulsion

    Functional activity of PVI-2 antibodies compared to PVI-1 antibodies from the same clonal family. ( A ) Percent somatic hypermutation of IgG heavy chain and light chain among clonal lineage members. ( B ) Comparison of binding profiles between PVI-1 mAbs and clonal lineage members in PVI-2. The heatmap shows OD450 nm binding activity by ELISA, with the antigens tested shown to the left. The antibodies tested are indicated at the top with mAbs from PVI-1 in orange text and PVI-2 in black text. mAbs were tested in duplicate at a fixed concentration of 1,000 ng/mL. Green indicates binding with increasing shades of green indicating increasing OD450 values, as indicated in the key to the right. The cases with the darkest green (>3.0 OD450) are qualitative and not quantitative results, as the assay would be saturated for the most potent binding mAbs. Gray indicates no detectable binding. ( C ) Heatmap of neutralization IC50s (µg/mL) of the same antibodies as in panel B. Viruses tested are shown to the left, with SARS-CoV-2 variants in the top half and more diverse sarbecoviruses in the bottom half. The color gradient represents neutralization activity as shown in the key to the right, with darker shades of blue correlating with IC50 potency. Gray indicates no detectable neutralization (IC50), and white indicates the mAbs were not tested because they did not bind SARS-CoV-1 spike trimer. IC50 values were averaged from 2 to 6 independent experiments performed in technical duplicate. IC50 values were calculated with GraphPad Prism, with a four-parameter non-linear regression model. ( D ) Geometric mean of the IC50 values (µg/mL) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the panel of viruses tested in panel C . IC50 >20 µg/mL was set to 20 µg/mL in this calculation. The number of viruses neutralized is displayed as a fraction of viruses that the antibody neutralizes with an IC50 <20 µg/mL, over the total number of viruses the antibody was tested against.

    Journal: mBio

    Article Title: Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased antibody breadth and potency against diverse sarbecovirus strains

    doi: 10.1128/mbio.03612-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional activity of PVI-2 antibodies compared to PVI-1 antibodies from the same clonal family. ( A ) Percent somatic hypermutation of IgG heavy chain and light chain among clonal lineage members. ( B ) Comparison of binding profiles between PVI-1 mAbs and clonal lineage members in PVI-2. The heatmap shows OD450 nm binding activity by ELISA, with the antigens tested shown to the left. The antibodies tested are indicated at the top with mAbs from PVI-1 in orange text and PVI-2 in black text. mAbs were tested in duplicate at a fixed concentration of 1,000 ng/mL. Green indicates binding with increasing shades of green indicating increasing OD450 values, as indicated in the key to the right. The cases with the darkest green (>3.0 OD450) are qualitative and not quantitative results, as the assay would be saturated for the most potent binding mAbs. Gray indicates no detectable binding. ( C ) Heatmap of neutralization IC50s (µg/mL) of the same antibodies as in panel B. Viruses tested are shown to the left, with SARS-CoV-2 variants in the top half and more diverse sarbecoviruses in the bottom half. The color gradient represents neutralization activity as shown in the key to the right, with darker shades of blue correlating with IC50 potency. Gray indicates no detectable neutralization (IC50), and white indicates the mAbs were not tested because they did not bind SARS-CoV-1 spike trimer. IC50 values were averaged from 2 to 6 independent experiments performed in technical duplicate. IC50 values were calculated with GraphPad Prism, with a four-parameter non-linear regression model. ( D ) Geometric mean of the IC50 values (µg/mL) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the panel of viruses tested in panel C . IC50 >20 µg/mL was set to 20 µg/mL in this calculation. The number of viruses neutralized is displayed as a fraction of viruses that the antibody neutralizes with an IC50 <20 µg/mL, over the total number of viruses the antibody was tested against.

    Article Snippet: All described antibodies were tested for binding to SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 RBD (Sino Biological, cat. 40592-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 S1 (Sino Biological, cat. 40591-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 trimer (40589-V08H45), and SARS-CoV-1 GD01 trimer (Acro Biosystems, cat. SPN-S52Ht).

    Techniques: Functional Assay, Activity Assay, Comparison, Binding Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Concentration Assay, Neutralization

    Binding and neutralization of antibodies representing new clonal lineages specific to PVI-2. ( A ) Heatmap shows binding (green) and neutralization IC50s (blue, last two columns). Viruses tested are shown at the top, and mAbs are indicated to the left, after the clonal family designation. IC50 values were averaged from two independent experiments performed in technical duplicate. Figure details are as described in . ( B ) Comparison of IC50s for SARS-CoV-2 XBB1.5 and SARS-CoV-1 for antibodies from PVI-2 specific clonal lineages. The P value is calculated from the Wilcoxon matched-paired signed rank test. Antibodies with no neutralization activity (IC50 > 20 µg/mL) were set to 20 µg/mL for this comparison.

    Journal: mBio

    Article Title: Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased antibody breadth and potency against diverse sarbecovirus strains

    doi: 10.1128/mbio.03612-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding and neutralization of antibodies representing new clonal lineages specific to PVI-2. ( A ) Heatmap shows binding (green) and neutralization IC50s (blue, last two columns). Viruses tested are shown at the top, and mAbs are indicated to the left, after the clonal family designation. IC50 values were averaged from two independent experiments performed in technical duplicate. Figure details are as described in . ( B ) Comparison of IC50s for SARS-CoV-2 XBB1.5 and SARS-CoV-1 for antibodies from PVI-2 specific clonal lineages. The P value is calculated from the Wilcoxon matched-paired signed rank test. Antibodies with no neutralization activity (IC50 > 20 µg/mL) were set to 20 µg/mL for this comparison.

    Article Snippet: All described antibodies were tested for binding to SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 RBD (Sino Biological, cat. 40592-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 S1 (Sino Biological, cat. 40591-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 trimer (40589-V08H45), and SARS-CoV-1 GD01 trimer (Acro Biosystems, cat. SPN-S52Ht).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Neutralization, Comparison, Activity Assay

    Functional characterization of a pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody C68.490. ( A ) Binding breadth of C68.490 and previously characterized antibodies with known pan-sarbecovirus activity against a library of yeast-display sarbecovirus RBDs. Antibodies tested are shown to the left with the specific RBD indicated at the bottom. RBDs are classified by clades as shown above and color-coded. Data for VIR-7229, SA55, and S2X259 were previously published by reference and shown for comparison. ( B ) Comparison of C68.490 binding with other pan-sarbecovirus antibodies by sarbecovirus clade. Statistically significant differences in mean EC50 values between C68.490 and other antibodies were assessed using the Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Sarbecovirus RBDs were assigned to clades based on existing clade definitions . ( C ) Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and sarbecovirus variants by C68.490. Antibodies tested are described at the top and include two control mAbs for comparison. The viruses tested are shown to the left, with a line separating SARS-CoV-2 variants from the more diverse sarbecoviruses. Neutralization data are represented as IC50s (µg/mL) and color-coded as shown in the table below. IC50 values were averaged from 2 to 4 independent experiments performed in technical duplicate, with the exception of neutralization of S2X259 against SARS-CoV-1, which was only tested once. Data for C68.61, which was tested in parallel to the C68.490, was also reported in reference . Other details are as in .

    Journal: mBio

    Article Title: Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased antibody breadth and potency against diverse sarbecovirus strains

    doi: 10.1128/mbio.03612-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional characterization of a pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody C68.490. ( A ) Binding breadth of C68.490 and previously characterized antibodies with known pan-sarbecovirus activity against a library of yeast-display sarbecovirus RBDs. Antibodies tested are shown to the left with the specific RBD indicated at the bottom. RBDs are classified by clades as shown above and color-coded. Data for VIR-7229, SA55, and S2X259 were previously published by reference and shown for comparison. ( B ) Comparison of C68.490 binding with other pan-sarbecovirus antibodies by sarbecovirus clade. Statistically significant differences in mean EC50 values between C68.490 and other antibodies were assessed using the Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Sarbecovirus RBDs were assigned to clades based on existing clade definitions . ( C ) Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and sarbecovirus variants by C68.490. Antibodies tested are described at the top and include two control mAbs for comparison. The viruses tested are shown to the left, with a line separating SARS-CoV-2 variants from the more diverse sarbecoviruses. Neutralization data are represented as IC50s (µg/mL) and color-coded as shown in the table below. IC50 values were averaged from 2 to 4 independent experiments performed in technical duplicate, with the exception of neutralization of S2X259 against SARS-CoV-1, which was only tested once. Data for C68.61, which was tested in parallel to the C68.490, was also reported in reference . Other details are as in .

    Article Snippet: All described antibodies were tested for binding to SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 RBD (Sino Biological, cat. 40592-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 S1 (Sino Biological, cat. 40591-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 trimer (40589-V08H45), and SARS-CoV-1 GD01 trimer (Acro Biosystems, cat. SPN-S52Ht).

    Techniques: Functional Assay, Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Comparison, Neutralization, Control

    Characterization of C68.490 escape mutations. ( A ) Top, sites of binding escape and residues conferring escape from C68.490 in different viral backgrounds (WH1 = SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, BA.2 = SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, SARS1 = SARS-CoV-1 Urbani) by deep mutational scanning of the RBD. Amino acid numbering based on the SARS-CoV-2 WH1 sequence. Bottom, sites of escape mapped onto surface representation of the RBD (key interacting motifs of ACE2 shown as the gray ribbon). Color gradient represents the escape fraction, with darker red encompassing degree of escape. ( B ) Multi-clade sarbecovirus sequence alignments. Conserved sites (in blue) and variable residues (in white) across sarbecoviruses around the epitope of C68.490 defined in panel A are depicted. C68.490 sites of escape are indicated with yellow arrows. ( C ) Genotype at SARS-CoV-2 spike amino acid sites 378 and 384 from 2,967 GenBank sequences. Adapted from Nextstrain.org (retrieved 16 November 2025).

    Journal: mBio

    Article Title: Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased antibody breadth and potency against diverse sarbecovirus strains

    doi: 10.1128/mbio.03612-25

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of C68.490 escape mutations. ( A ) Top, sites of binding escape and residues conferring escape from C68.490 in different viral backgrounds (WH1 = SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, BA.2 = SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, SARS1 = SARS-CoV-1 Urbani) by deep mutational scanning of the RBD. Amino acid numbering based on the SARS-CoV-2 WH1 sequence. Bottom, sites of escape mapped onto surface representation of the RBD (key interacting motifs of ACE2 shown as the gray ribbon). Color gradient represents the escape fraction, with darker red encompassing degree of escape. ( B ) Multi-clade sarbecovirus sequence alignments. Conserved sites (in blue) and variable residues (in white) across sarbecoviruses around the epitope of C68.490 defined in panel A are depicted. C68.490 sites of escape are indicated with yellow arrows. ( C ) Genotype at SARS-CoV-2 spike amino acid sites 378 and 384 from 2,967 GenBank sequences. Adapted from Nextstrain.org (retrieved 16 November 2025).

    Article Snippet: All described antibodies were tested for binding to SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 RBD (Sino Biological, cat. 40592-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 WH-1 S1 (Sino Biological, cat. 40591-V08H), SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 trimer (40589-V08H45), and SARS-CoV-1 GD01 trimer (Acro Biosystems, cat. SPN-S52Ht).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Sequencing

    Omicron S1 shows reduced immune cells recruitment and expansion compared with the ancestral variant. Recombinant S1WT, S1 Omicron or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of Tg(lyz:DsRED) (A) , Tg(mfap4:Tomato) (B) , Tg(nfkb:eGFP) (C) of 2-dpf larvae. Neutrophil (A) and macrophage (B) recruitment and number and Nfkb reporter activity (C) were analyzed at 6, 12, and/or 24 hpi by fluorescence microscopy. Representative photos for each treatment are shown from 24 hpi. Scale bar 500 μm. Each dot represents one individual, and the means ± SEM for each group is also shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: Dual role of ACE2 in regulating inflammation triggered by Omicron S1 and other SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1667880

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Omicron S1 shows reduced immune cells recruitment and expansion compared with the ancestral variant. Recombinant S1WT, S1 Omicron or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of Tg(lyz:DsRED) (A) , Tg(mfap4:Tomato) (B) , Tg(nfkb:eGFP) (C) of 2-dpf larvae. Neutrophil (A) and macrophage (B) recruitment and number and Nfkb reporter activity (C) were analyzed at 6, 12, and/or 24 hpi by fluorescence microscopy. Representative photos for each treatment are shown from 24 hpi. Scale bar 500 μm. Each dot represents one individual, and the means ± SEM for each group is also shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Article Snippet: Recombinant His-tagged Spike S1 wild-type (#40591-V08B1), S1 Omicron (#40592-V08H121) or Spike S1/S2 TRIMER wild-type (#40589-V08H8), all from Sino Biological at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml supplemented with phenol red were injected into the hindbrain (1 nl) of 48 hpf zebrafish larvae.

    Techniques: Variant Assay, Recombinant, Injection, Activity Assay, Fluorescence, Microscopy

    Omicron is more proinflammatory than the ancestral variant. Recombinant S1WT, S1 Omicron or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of WT (A–F) 2-dpf larvae. The transcript levels of the indicated genes (A–E) were analyzed at 12 hpi by RT-qPCR in larval head and rest of the body and caspase-1 activity was determined at 24 hpi using a fluorogenic substrate (F) . Graphs shown are representative of three independent experiments; technical replicates are displayed in each graph. The means ± SEM for each group is shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. n=45 in (A–E) , n=35 in (F) . ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: Dual role of ACE2 in regulating inflammation triggered by Omicron S1 and other SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1667880

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Omicron is more proinflammatory than the ancestral variant. Recombinant S1WT, S1 Omicron or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of WT (A–F) 2-dpf larvae. The transcript levels of the indicated genes (A–E) were analyzed at 12 hpi by RT-qPCR in larval head and rest of the body and caspase-1 activity was determined at 24 hpi using a fluorogenic substrate (F) . Graphs shown are representative of three independent experiments; technical replicates are displayed in each graph. The means ± SEM for each group is shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. n=45 in (A–E) , n=35 in (F) . ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Article Snippet: Recombinant His-tagged Spike S1 wild-type (#40591-V08B1), S1 Omicron (#40592-V08H121) or Spike S1/S2 TRIMER wild-type (#40589-V08H8), all from Sino Biological at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml supplemented with phenol red were injected into the hindbrain (1 nl) of 48 hpf zebrafish larvae.

    Techniques: Variant Assay, Recombinant, Injection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Activity Assay, Fluorescence

    Omicron causes higher neutrophil cell death than the ancestral variant. Recombinant S1WT, S1 Omicron or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of Tg(lyz:DsRED) (A, B) of 2-dpf larvae. Tunel positive neutrophil number (double positive) was counted at 6 hpi in the head and tail of the larvae (A, B) . Representative photos for each treatment are shown. Scale bar 500 μm. Each dot represents one individual, and the means ± SEM for each group is also shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01 and **** p < 0.0001.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: Dual role of ACE2 in regulating inflammation triggered by Omicron S1 and other SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1667880

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Omicron causes higher neutrophil cell death than the ancestral variant. Recombinant S1WT, S1 Omicron or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of Tg(lyz:DsRED) (A, B) of 2-dpf larvae. Tunel positive neutrophil number (double positive) was counted at 6 hpi in the head and tail of the larvae (A, B) . Representative photos for each treatment are shown. Scale bar 500 μm. Each dot represents one individual, and the means ± SEM for each group is also shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01 and **** p < 0.0001.

    Article Snippet: Recombinant His-tagged Spike S1 wild-type (#40591-V08B1), S1 Omicron (#40592-V08H121) or Spike S1/S2 TRIMER wild-type (#40589-V08H8), all from Sino Biological at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml supplemented with phenol red were injected into the hindbrain (1 nl) of 48 hpf zebrafish larvae.

    Techniques: Variant Assay, Recombinant, Injection, TUNEL Assay

    Trimeric ancestral variant induces a weaker immune response than its monomeric form. Recombinant S1WT (monomeric), S1/S2WT-T (trimeric) or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of Tg(lyz:DsRED) (A) , Tg(mfap4:Tomato) (B) , Tg( nfkb :eGFP) (C) 2-day postfertilization larvae (dpf). Neutrophil (A) and macrophage (B) recruitment and number and Nfkb reporter activity (C) were analyzed at 6, 12, and/or 24 hpi by fluorescence microscopy. Representative photos for each treatment are shown from 24 hpi. Scale bar 500 μm. Each dot represents one individual, and the means ± SEM for each group is also shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: Dual role of ACE2 in regulating inflammation triggered by Omicron S1 and other SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1667880

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Trimeric ancestral variant induces a weaker immune response than its monomeric form. Recombinant S1WT (monomeric), S1/S2WT-T (trimeric) or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of Tg(lyz:DsRED) (A) , Tg(mfap4:Tomato) (B) , Tg( nfkb :eGFP) (C) 2-day postfertilization larvae (dpf). Neutrophil (A) and macrophage (B) recruitment and number and Nfkb reporter activity (C) were analyzed at 6, 12, and/or 24 hpi by fluorescence microscopy. Representative photos for each treatment are shown from 24 hpi. Scale bar 500 μm. Each dot represents one individual, and the means ± SEM for each group is also shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Article Snippet: Recombinant His-tagged Spike S1 wild-type (#40591-V08B1), S1 Omicron (#40592-V08H121) or Spike S1/S2 TRIMER wild-type (#40589-V08H8), all from Sino Biological at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml supplemented with phenol red were injected into the hindbrain (1 nl) of 48 hpf zebrafish larvae.

    Techniques: Variant Assay, Recombinant, Injection, Activity Assay, Fluorescence, Microscopy

    Trimeric ancestral variant induces a weaker proinflammatory response than its monomeric form. Recombinant S1WT, S1/S2WT-T or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of WT (A–E) 2-day postfertilization larvae (dpf). The transcript levels of the indicated genes (A–D) were analyzed at 12 hpi by RT-qPCR in larval head and rest of the body and caspase-1 activity was determined at 24 hpi using a fluorogenic substrate (E) . Graphs shown are representative of three independent experiments; technical replicates are displayed in each graph. The means ± SEM for each group is shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. n=40 in A-D, n=35 in E. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

    Article Title: Dual role of ACE2 in regulating inflammation triggered by Omicron S1 and other SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants

    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1667880

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Trimeric ancestral variant induces a weaker proinflammatory response than its monomeric form. Recombinant S1WT, S1/S2WT-T or vehicle (-) were injected in the hindbrain ventricle (HBV) of WT (A–E) 2-day postfertilization larvae (dpf). The transcript levels of the indicated genes (A–D) were analyzed at 12 hpi by RT-qPCR in larval head and rest of the body and caspase-1 activity was determined at 24 hpi using a fluorogenic substrate (E) . Graphs shown are representative of three independent experiments; technical replicates are displayed in each graph. The means ± SEM for each group is shown. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple range test. n=40 in A-D, n=35 in E. ns, not significant; * P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001. auf, arbitrary units of fluorescence.

    Article Snippet: Recombinant His-tagged Spike S1 wild-type (#40591-V08B1), S1 Omicron (#40592-V08H121) or Spike S1/S2 TRIMER wild-type (#40589-V08H8), all from Sino Biological at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml supplemented with phenol red were injected into the hindbrain (1 nl) of 48 hpf zebrafish larvae.

    Techniques: Variant Assay, Recombinant, Injection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Activity Assay, Fluorescence

    RBD-ACE2 interaction inhibition assays. ( a ) Schematic illustration of ELISA experiment to evaluate the ability of the A13 or Nat1 to prevent the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein RBD to human receptor ACE2. First the plates were incubated with immobilized RBD. They were then inoculated with peptides prior to the addition of recombinant human receptor ACE2. ( b ) Inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding via A13 or Nat1. The level of RBD-ACE2 binding was measured by chemiluminescence. The negative control with no peptide representing RBD-ACE2 interaction was set to 1.00 (3.2 × 10 4 RLU) and other values were normalized to this number. To the same extent, at the concentration of 0.1 µg/mL, both peptides reduced ACE2 binding compared to the control. At 1.0 µg/mL, inhibition was further enhanced. The negative control peptide did not exhibit a notable inhibition. Data represent the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001).

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Artificial Intelligence Reveals Nature: Functional Parallels Between a Designed and a Natural Peptide

    doi: 10.3390/ijms262110607

    Figure Lengend Snippet: RBD-ACE2 interaction inhibition assays. ( a ) Schematic illustration of ELISA experiment to evaluate the ability of the A13 or Nat1 to prevent the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein RBD to human receptor ACE2. First the plates were incubated with immobilized RBD. They were then inoculated with peptides prior to the addition of recombinant human receptor ACE2. ( b ) Inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding via A13 or Nat1. The level of RBD-ACE2 binding was measured by chemiluminescence. The negative control with no peptide representing RBD-ACE2 interaction was set to 1.00 (3.2 × 10 4 RLU) and other values were normalized to this number. To the same extent, at the concentration of 0.1 µg/mL, both peptides reduced ACE2 binding compared to the control. At 1.0 µg/mL, inhibition was further enhanced. The negative control peptide did not exhibit a notable inhibition. Data represent the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001).

    Article Snippet: The ability of the peptides to block the interaction between the RBD and ACE2 was assessed using a commercial ACE2 inhibition assay kit (BPS Bioscience, San Diego, CA, United States, CAT# 79931).

    Techniques: Inhibition, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Incubation, Recombinant, Binding Assay, Negative Control, Concentration Assay, Control, Standard Deviation, Two Tailed Test

    NanoLuc bioreporter assays. ( a ) A schematic illustration for the NanoLuc bioreporter assay to determine SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD—ACE2 inhibition by A13 or Nat1. ( b ) NanoLuc bioreporter assay indicates that both peptides reduce luciferase complementation to the same extent. The signal value for no peptide control was set to 1.00 (6.30 × 10 5 RLU) and all other values were normalized to it. In cell lysates, A13 and Nat1 both reduced luminescence, indicating inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding. The negative control peptide had no significant effect. Data represent the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001, ** p ≤ 0.01).

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Artificial Intelligence Reveals Nature: Functional Parallels Between a Designed and a Natural Peptide

    doi: 10.3390/ijms262110607

    Figure Lengend Snippet: NanoLuc bioreporter assays. ( a ) A schematic illustration for the NanoLuc bioreporter assay to determine SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD—ACE2 inhibition by A13 or Nat1. ( b ) NanoLuc bioreporter assay indicates that both peptides reduce luciferase complementation to the same extent. The signal value for no peptide control was set to 1.00 (6.30 × 10 5 RLU) and all other values were normalized to it. In cell lysates, A13 and Nat1 both reduced luminescence, indicating inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding. The negative control peptide had no significant effect. Data represent the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001, ** p ≤ 0.01).

    Article Snippet: The ability of the peptides to block the interaction between the RBD and ACE2 was assessed using a commercial ACE2 inhibition assay kit (BPS Bioscience, San Diego, CA, United States, CAT# 79931).

    Techniques: Inhibition, Luciferase, Control, Binding Assay, Negative Control, Standard Deviation, Two Tailed Test

    Pseudovirus infectivity assays. ( a ) A schematic illustration for pseudovirus infectivity assay to determine the inhibition ability of the peptides to prevent psuedovirus to enter the cell. ( b ) Pseudovirus infectivity assays indicates that both peptides exhibit similar effects on pseudovirus infected cells. The signal value for pseudovirus infection with no peptide was set to 1.00 and corresponding values were normalized to it. Cells were incubated with pseudovirus in the absence/presence of A13 or Nat1, and infection was measured using a luciferase reporter. Both peptides reduce pseudovirus entry into ACE2-expressing cells. Neither peptide shows any visible effects on the non-peptide sample. Data represents the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001, ** p ≤ 0.01).

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: Artificial Intelligence Reveals Nature: Functional Parallels Between a Designed and a Natural Peptide

    doi: 10.3390/ijms262110607

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Pseudovirus infectivity assays. ( a ) A schematic illustration for pseudovirus infectivity assay to determine the inhibition ability of the peptides to prevent psuedovirus to enter the cell. ( b ) Pseudovirus infectivity assays indicates that both peptides exhibit similar effects on pseudovirus infected cells. The signal value for pseudovirus infection with no peptide was set to 1.00 and corresponding values were normalized to it. Cells were incubated with pseudovirus in the absence/presence of A13 or Nat1, and infection was measured using a luciferase reporter. Both peptides reduce pseudovirus entry into ACE2-expressing cells. Neither peptide shows any visible effects on the non-peptide sample. Data represents the mean value from at least three independent experiments. Error bars represent standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined using the nonparametric two-tailed Student’s t -test (**** p ≤ 0.0001, ** p ≤ 0.01).

    Article Snippet: The ability of the peptides to block the interaction between the RBD and ACE2 was assessed using a commercial ACE2 inhibition assay kit (BPS Bioscience, San Diego, CA, United States, CAT# 79931).

    Techniques: Infection, Inhibition, Incubation, Luciferase, Expressing, Standard Deviation, Two Tailed Test